Java Microsoft Exchange
Java Microsoft Exchange
The AD Database
At a file-system level, AD uses Microsoft?s Extensible Storage Engine (ESE) to store the directory database. Administrators familiar with Microsoft Exchange Server may recognize this engine as the same database technology used in that product. Like Exchange Server, AD?s database employs transactional log files to help ensure database integrity in the case of power outages and similar events that interfere with the successful completion of database transactions. In addition, AD shares Exchange?s ability to perform online database maintenance and defragmentation. At the file level, AD stores its database in a single database file named Ntds.dit,
a copy of which can be found on every domain controller. Although the building blocks that make up AD are largely masked by the directory?s high-level management interfaces and APIs, the physical aspects of the directory are nonetheless an important consideration for Windows administrators. For example, it is critical that all volumes on domain controllers hosting the AD database and its transaction logs maintain adequate levels of free disk space at all times. For performance reasons, it is also important that the AD databases on these machines not become too heavily fragmented. AD is a database, which effectively turns Windows domain controllers into critical database servers on the network. These servers should therefore be treated no differently than any other important database server in terms of fault tolerance preparation (for example, disk redundancy, backups, and power protection) and capacity planning.
Logical Architecture of AD
To gain an appreciation for and understanding of AD and AD management concepts, it?s important to first understand AD?s logical architecture. In this section, we?ll discuss the most important concepts associated with AD, concepts which form the foundation of all Windows networks.
Objects and Attributes
Just as the primary item of storage in a file system is a file, the primary item of storage in AD is an object. Objects can take many different forms; for example, users, computers, and printers all exist as objects within the directory. However, other items you might not immediately think of are also stored as objects; for example, policies that define which applications a particular group
or user should have on their computer(s). AD uses an object-oriented approach to defining directory objects. That is to say there exists a set of classes, which define the kinds of objects one can create (or instantiate, as in ?creating an instance of…?) within the directory. Each class?such as user, computer, and so forth?has a set of attributes that define the properties associated with that class. For example, AD has a user class with attributes such as First Name, Address, and so on.
The Schema
As you might imagine, all of the object classes and attributes discussed thus far have some kind of underlying reference that describes them?a sort of ?dictionary? for AD. In Windows parlance, this ?dictionary? is referred to as the schema. The AD schema contains the definitions of all object types that may be instantiated within the directory. The AD schema is also extensible, meaning it can be extended to include additional classes and attributes to support future features, other applications, and so forth.
(Even the AD schema itself is stored in the directory as objects. That is, AD classes are stored as objects of the class ?classSchema? and attributes are stored as objects of class ?attributeSchema.? The schema, then, is just a number of instances of the classes ?classSchema? and ?attributeSchema,? with properties that describe the relationship between all classes in the AD schema.)
To understand the relationship between object classes, objects, and the schema, let?s go back to the object-oriented model upon which the AD schema is based. As is the case with objectoriented development environments (such as C++ and Java), a class is a kind of basic definition of an object. When I instantiate an object of a certain class, I create an instance of that particular object class. That object instance has a number of properties associated with the class from which it was created. For example, suppose I create a class called ?motorcycle? that has attributes such as ?color,? ?year,? and ?enginesize.? I can instantiate the class ?motorcycle? and create a real object called ?Yamaha YZF600R6? with properties such as ?red? (for the color attribute), 2000 (for the year attribute), and 600 (for the motorcycle engine?s size in CCs).
LDAP
One of the early design decisions that Microsoft made regarding AD was the use of an efficient directory access protocol known as the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. LDAP also benefits from its compatibility with other existing directory services. This compatibility, in turn, provides for the interoperability of AD with these other directory services.
LDAP specifies that every AD object be represented by a unique name. These names are formed by combining information about domain components, OUs, and the name of the target object, known as a common name.
For example, the LDAP name for the user object for a person named Don Jones in the realtimepublishers.com domain?s Marketing OU would be as follows:
CN=Don Jones,OU=Marketing,DC=realtimepublishers,DC=com
This form of an object?s name as it appears in the directory is referred to as the object?s distinguished name (DN). Alternatively, an object can also be referred to using its relative distinguished name. The RDN is the portion of the DN that refers to the target object within its container. In the previous example, the RDN of the user object would simply be Don Jones
About the Author
Anuj Sharma(System Administartor)
Microsoft certification?
I have my bachelors in computer science with programming major (concentrating on Visual Basic and Java)but I have not worked in that field at all; instead I have always worked on the Network side of the operations ( helpdesk, exchange admins etc) I am thinking about doing a microsoft certification but not sure which one I should choose.
MSDBA or MCSE.
any advice will be helpful
thanks
MCSE is a better start
you will need some of the basics there for the MSDBA
and it iwll give you a better working understanding to the entire realm of the network
Java Microsoft Exchange
Ahsay Backup Software Multimedia tour
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Java Microsoft Exchange
